Sunday, December 29, 2019

Willy Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a...

In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. The Greek tragic heroes, otherwise known as the protagonists, illustrated by tragic Greek playwrights, were never normal people. All heroes were citizens of high class, such as princes. This was due in part because plays were seen as a luxury for†¦show more content†¦Willy is a man whose underlying fear of being displaced has created such a powerful unwillingness to be submissive to his perception of his loss of dignity, that he believes only death itself wi ll secure him everlasting admiration. In order to fully appreciate how Willy believes that death will bring him the dignity that he so desperately craves one must first look at the scene in â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, during which Willy visits his boss Howard. During his visit Willy tells Howard about an elderly salesman he met named Dave Singleman and how meeting Dave made Willy realize that â€Å"selling was the greatest career a man could want.† (Miller 1801) â€Å"When he died – and he died the death of a salesman†, Willy tells Howard, â€Å"hundreds of salesmen and buyers were at his funeral†¦In those days there was personality in it, Howard. There was respect, and comradeship, and gratitude in it† (Miller 1801). This quote demonstrates how Willy believed death would bring him the respect, comradeship, and gratitude that he never had in life. As stated in the essay, Arthur Miller describes the modern hero as someone who possesses an â€Å"unwillingness to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity, his image of his rightful.† Examples of this can be seen on pages 1809 through 1810 of the play. This is the scene where Willy goes to his friend Charley to ask for money in order toShow MoreRelated Willy Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1065 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚   The events in the life of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman are no doubt tragic, yet whether or not he can be considered a tragic hero in a traditional sense is a topic requiring some discussion. Aristotle set the criteria for qualities a character must possess in order to be considered a tragic hero. In order to reach a conclusion on this matter, all six criteria must be examined to determineRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesis predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Irving 247). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the audience experiences catharsis. Willy Loman as a real tragic hero comes to the decision to commit suicide because of serious fina ncial problems ofRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagesit is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the audience experiences catharsis. Willy Loman as a real tragic hero comes to the decision to commit suicide because of serious financial problems ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Millers Death Of Salesman 1611 Words   |  7 PagesResearch paper on death of salesman Arthur Miller created stories that express the deepest meanings of struggle. Miller is the most prominent twentieth-century American playwrights. He based his works on his own life, and his observations of the American scene. Arthur Asher Miller was born 17 October 1915 in Manhattan, New York city. He was the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland. His parents had a prosperous clothing company. Unfortunately when the stock market crashed, because his familyRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Millers Death Of Salesman 1548 Words   |  7 Pages Research paper on death of salesman Arthur Miller created stories that express the deepest meanings of struggle. Miller is the most prominent twentieth-century American playwrights. He based his works on his own life, and his observations of the American scene. Arthur Asher Miller was born 17 October 1915 in Manhattan, New York city. He was the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland. His parents had a prosperous clothing company. Unfortunately when the stock market crashed, because his familyRead More Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In the fourth century B.C., Aristotle set forth his description of dramatic tragedy, and for centuries after, tragedy continued to be defined by his basic observations. It was not until the modern age that playwrights began to deviate somewhat from the basic tenets of Aristotelian tragedy and, in doing so, began to create plays more recognizable to the common people and, thereby, less traditional. Even so, upon examinationRead More Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesWilly Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman       Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeares Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classicRead More Tragic Heroes in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House1709 Words   |  7 PagesHeroes in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Dramatists such as Aristotle started to write a series of plays called tragedies. They were as follows: the play revolved around a great man such as a king or war hero, who possessed a tragic flaw. This flaw or discrepancy would eventually become his downfall. These types of plays are still written today, for example, Arthur Millers Death of Salesman and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House. Death of Salesman shows theRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead MoreExamples Of Everyday Tragedy732 Words   |  3 Pagesflows to mind is death and destruction. Even though this way of thinking is valid, there are several ways to analyze the concept of tragedy. Tragedy is when one suffers an unexpected punishment that has merged together through ones actions. Arthur Miller believes that tragedy can happen to any type of person if youre rich or if youre poor, no matter what, it can happen to all of us. Arthur shows this to us in the book Death of a Salesman where the common man meets t he fate of modern day tragedy.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

The Genetic Bases Of Learning And Memory - 927 Words

This paper seeks to exploit and explain findings that express the genetic bases of learning and memory. Learning and memory has played a huge evolutionary advantage to animals capable of effectively gathering information of their environment and able to remember and retrieve the information at a different time. The studies covered focused on drosophila because its cognitive functions are very similar to that of higher vertebrates such as humans. The central theme of this paper is to determine the biological bases of learning and memory by observing how disruption of the central nervous system through gene mutations alters the performance of learning and memory thus affecting the organism behavioral responses. A lot of research has been conducted in twin studies seeking to explain why there is a variation in learning abilities between two people of very similar genetic matter. The results of the studies have credited the environment as the major source of the variance but yet not much have been uncovered about how individuals’ genes contribute in playing a role in learning and memory consolidation until recently. Kaminskaya and colleagues knew that actin cytoskeleton remodeling was crucial for learning but they didn’t know what genes led to the remodeling and how that process would eventually affect learning abilities. Lim-Kinase 1 (LIMK1) gene leads to the phosphorylation of CREB 1 which in turn activates genes linked with memory consolidation such as somatostatin.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Huntingtons Disease1557 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington’s Disease is a brain disorder affecting movement, cognition, and emotions (Schoenstadt). It is a genetic disorder genera lly affecting people in their middle 30s and 40s (Sheth). Worldwide, Huntington’s disease (affects between 3-7 per 100,000 people of European ancestry (Schoenstadt). In the United States alone, 1 in every 30,000 people has Huntington’s disease (Genetic Learning Center). Huntington’s Disease is a multi-faceted disease, with a complex inheritance pattern and a wide rangeRead More Huntingtons Disease Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping symptoms in their middle 30s and 40s (Sheth). There is an early onset form of Huntington’s disease, beginning in childhood or adolescence, and makes up a small percentage of the Huntington’s population (Sheth). Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder with a short history, a plethora of symptoms, and devastating consequences, with no current cure in sight. Cases of Huntington’s disease date back to the early seventeenth century, but those records are basic, with no convincing descriptionsRead MoreEssay about Alzheimers Disease1082 Words   |  5 Pagesability to carry out daily activities. Alzheimers disease (AD), a form of progressive, irreversible dementia with no known cause or cure, first described in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, causes damage to the parts of the brain that control thought, memory and language. The consequences of the disease in terms of the patients lifestyle are often times confused with the natural syndromes of aging. However, AD is not a normal part of aging. The processes which occur in an AD patient are stillRead MoreCognitive Psychology And The Management And Treatment Of Mental Illness1352 Words   |  6 Pagesstructure, chemistry, activity and genetic make-up etc. relates to behaviour. Cognitive psychology focuses on the way the brain processes information, how people perceive, understand, make decisions about and remember information. Cognitive psychologists would put information in to be processed and then see what the brain does with it. To compare the biological psychologist would be looking at the make-up of the brain and seeing how it works that way based on genetics and nature or nurture., whereasRead MoreEssay On ACO851 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneration. IV. A suitable method for updating the pheromone. V. A transition rule for determining the probability of an ant traversing from one node in the graph to the next. It was firstly proposed by patel and Rao under the inspiration of teaching-learning phenomenon of a classroom to solve multi-dimensional, linear and nonlinear problem. The effectiveness of the GABASS has been compared with the other population intelligence optimization algorithms based on the best solution, average solution, convergenceRead MoreThe Nervous System And Controversy1143 Words   |  5 Pagesprogresses research involving the nervous system stands in controversy. Just as the nature verses nurture debate explaining the nervous system involves researcher investigate the areas of the brain and spinal cord affected by disorders ,as well as the genetic factors, and environment factors involved in order to synthesize an understanding of the nervous system ‘s function (Gilbert, 2002). Construction of the Nervous System and Its Role in Shaping Behaviors There are two main divisions that compriseRead MoreWhat Is Intelligence? Intelligence778 Words   |  4 Pagestrust themselves, write and list things on paper, use discernment, read, value learning, teach others, reinvent themselves, and are students of life.† (www.citehr.com) When including intelligence with nature vs. nurture, many thoughts come to mind. As we previously learned in our textbooks, nature is â€Å"the biological inheritance and nurture to its environmental experiences.† (G-7) Nurture in this case would be learning your knowledge from your parents and being born with intelligence and knowledgeRead MorePhobia Is An Irrational Fear1201 Words   |  5 Pagesclassical conditioning, vicarious acquisition and informational/instructional acquisition (6). Vicarious fear acquisition is to develop fear learning by means of watching others reacting fearfully, for example learning of a child to fear any animal by watching their parent fearing the same animal. They proposed that fears and phobias are primarily due to learning experiences in the environment. That the young ones when they see the parents fearing any object, they learn it and later same type of phobiasRead More Learnability of a Language Essay2889 Words   |  12 Pagescompelled to respond to the formal version of the poverty of the stimulus argument, as originally stated in a mathematical learning theory paper by E. Mark Gold. Gold proved that without feedback about hypothesized grammars or examples of ungrammatical constructions, it is impossible to inductively learn the unique grammar that produces an infinite language, even with a learning algorithm that remembers all observed data (Gold 1967). A number of responses to Golds theorem have been offered. GoldRead MoreMilestones in the Developmental Characteristics of Kindergartners1511 Words   |  7 PagesAustin, 2010) (Berk, L. E,2012) cognitive development milestones: †¢ explores relationships, sorting, cause and effect, spatial, symbolic, similarity , function. †¢ Imitates, uses symbols and pretends, recognizes symbols in their environment. †¢ Memory develops to allow imitation of model when the model is not present †¢ Concentration and attention span developing †¢ Can make choices from two objects †¢ Grasps conservation, reasons about transformations, reverses thinking, and understands cause

Friday, December 13, 2019

Distance Learning The New Frontier in Education Free Essays

string(42) " symmetrical to the conventional methods\." Distance learning has started to become more visible in today’s society. It has been recognized as an integral part of the education system. While still not being utilized in all places, it’s spreading and gaining ground as one of the more popular ways to deliver information. We will write a custom essay sample on Distance Learning: The New Frontier in Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a means of educating students, distant learning helps plug holes that have been created by a lack of a certified teacher being available. Through distance learning, technology has become an intricate part of how students are educated. Early Beginnings Distance Learning has been considered somewhat of a new idea. However, some of the key concepts that shape distance learning have been around for quite some time. Distance learning has a large portion of its roots in what’s known as correspondence study. According to Webster’s’ Dictionary, correspondence is defined as, â€Å"a course offered by a correspondence school. † Correspondence is defined as, â€Å"1 a: the agreement of things with one another b: a particular similarity c: a relation between sets in which each member of one set is associated with one or more members of the other — compare FUNCTION 5a. This information explains to us that two different parties are engaging in a form of communication with one another. â€Å"The roots of distance learning are at least 160 years old. An advertisement in a Swedish newspaper in 1833 touted, the opportunity to study ‘Composition through the medium of the Post. ’ In 1840, England’s newly established penny post allowed Isaac Pitman to offe r shorthand instruction via correspondence. † This information is very important because it helps in shaping some of the reasons and purpose of why correspondence was necessary. The power of correspondence began to develop even further. Because its advantage was in its ability to send information via the postal service, correspondence created opportunities for people to gain knowledge without physically being present. Not all scholars believe that form information transferrence marked the beginning of distance learning. â€Å"The history of distance education could be tracked back to the early 1700s in the form of correspondence education, but technology-based distance education might be best linked to the introduction of audiovisual devices into the schools in the early 1900s. This is an interesting point because it shows that different reference points are used according to a different set of criteria. As correspondence study continued to evolve, the implementation of correspondence schools began to expand. Several different correspondence schools were opened inside and outside of the United States: In 1891, Thomas J. Foster, editor of the Mining Herald, a daily newspaper in eastern Pennsylvania, began offering a correspondence course in mining and the prevention of mine accidents. His business developed into the International Correspondence Schools, a commercial school whose enrollment exploded in the first two decades of the 20th Century, from 225,000 in 1900 to more than 2 million in 1920. In Britain, we are informed that correspondence began to progress, â€Å"with the founding of a number of correspondence institutions, such as Skerry’s College in Edinburgh in 1878 and University Correspondence College in London in 1887. † As time progressed, distance learning received more support with the development of different communication mediums. Radio began to find its way into the mix of distance education. In the 1920’s, at least 176 radio stations were constructed at educational institutions, although most were gone by the end of the decade. † The development of televised courses began to receive a major push as well: In the early 1930’s experimental television teaching programs were produced at the University of Iowa, Purdue U niversity and Kansas State College. However, it was not until the 1950’s that college credit courses were offered via broadcast television: Western Reserve University was the first to offer a continuous series of such courses, beginning in 1951. The development of fiber optics paved the way for distance learning to make greater strides. It allowed for fast expansion of live, two-way, high-quality audio and video systems in distance education. With the introduction of the computer, teaching at a distance was able to really take off by leaps and bounds. Online courses found its way onto a number of colleges and universities. This was a great stepping stone for the development of such institutions as the British Open University, the American Open University, Nova Southeastern University and the University of Phoenix. These schools offer an enormous amount of courses online. According to Teaching and learning at a Distance; it is vital to the study of distance learning to combine theory because â€Å"it directly impacts the practice of the field. † There are many theorists whom express their ideologies that pertain to the historical background of distance learning. There are several scholars that note how important the role of theory and distance education intertwine, including; Borje Holmberg, Michael Moore, Otto Peters and many others. Theorists’ Desmond Keegan exemplifies the significance of theory and distance education when he expressed in 1988†¦ Lack of accepted theory has weakened distance education: there has been a lack of identity, a sense of belonging to the periphery and the lack of a touchstone against which decisions on methods, on media, on financing, on student support, when they have to be made, can be made with confidence. Keegan in his theories, implements how distance learning is vital in not only the classroom, but also how it encompasses the areas of politics, finance, and socialism. According to this theorist this type of education not only affects the classroom, it covers several properties of the world. Bjore Holmberg’s ideas promote that like any type of education. This type is no different in that it is according to him, trial-and-error with mere attentiveness to the theoretical stand point in making decisions. The ideas between Holmberg and Keegan contrast in that, Holmberg views distance learning as a representation of a deviation from conventional learning, while Keegan’s theories deduce that this type of instruction is a discrete type of education is symmetrical to the conventional methods. You read "Distance Learning: The New Frontier in Education" in category "Papers" Contemporary Issues Distance Learning has created a wealth of opportunities for education to reach people in a variety of formats. With progress come concerns and issues that must also be addressed. There are several areas that have become red flags in the process of delivering education through the non-traditional classroom setting. Several policy issues have come about that are being examined. These areas of development deal with academic, fiscal and geographic: Institutions will need to develop policies that clarify everything from academic calendar to transferability. When a course is offered at one institution through a traditional classroom model, the academic calendar, for example, is the purview of that college or university. In certain cases, state regulations influence the calendar. But when a college enters into a consortia arrangement with other institutions on different academic calendars, it can become very confusing for the learners. In fact, some semesters or quarters end too late for courses to transfer to another college. Since distance learning models can complicate this process, flexibility is required. This is an issue that I personally encountered while taking an online Spanish course at Pulaski Technical College in the summer of 2007. In order to enroll for Spanish 2 I had to show that I had passed Spanish 1. The deadline was 2 days before grades were to be posted. I was fortunate enough to receive help from the administration but it was an intervention that would be constant on the part of the university. There’s also the question of integrity on the part of the students. While the use of CIV technology can alleviate some of this, other forms of distance learning continue to deal with this problem. The issue of students allowing others to complete their assignments has been around for quite some time. With distance learning, it looks to be just as prevalent. Fiscal concerns are consistent for a number of reasons. In most cases, distant education comes with a higher price tag than the conventional classroom setting: One certain way to guarantee problems in a distance learning program is to overlook the role of receiving institutions – those who do not offer the courses but provide the resources for learners to participate. This includes â€Å"receive† sites for interactive television courses and colleges that provide their computer laboratories to learners not enrolled at that institution. Contractual arrangements often provide a source of revenue to these receive sites, but in some cases policies do not provide, or prohibit, revenue sharing. Eventually, these receive sites become a source of frustration and potential revenue loss, which can diminish an otherwise well-run program. Distance learning policies must address the issue of equitable fiscal arrangements with receive sites and all other partners. These issues must be clarified in advance of program offerings, for without them, sound fiscal planning is impossible. Students are experiencing, what is called, geographic â€Å"out-of-state† fees for distance classes. This is a major concern because the internet is a boundless instrument that does not limit the learners’ ability to acquire knowledge on the basis of physical location. Asking students to pay extra fees for such this reason is of major concern: Setting tuition clearly is a fiscal issue; however, it also is a key aspect of the geographic service issue. Is â€Å"out-of-state† currently a relevant categorization for learners? Will â€Å"out of country† rates still apply? If we are to recognize the overarching reach of today’s distance learning, existing policies need close examination and new policies may be needed to redefine tuition rates and service area restrictions. Another issue deals with the availability of instructors. While most of the curriculum is uploaded to the site in online courses, students may have questions that aren’t explained in the information. The difficulty comes in trying to contact the teacher through email or via telephone. The instructor may not respond in a timely manner, which puts the student at a disadvantage if the assignment is due before the question gets answered: Respondents were asked to rank the differences between traditional course delivery and distance delivery. The scale was according to importance, one having the most importance and six the least importance. The order in which possible choices were ranked was not of importance in this question. The rankings provided by each respondent for each difference was what was being examined. Results can be seen in Table 4. The primary choice for most important was â€Å"interaction with instructor† with 40 out of 107 (37. 4 percent) responses. Ronn Atkinson, social studies teacher at the Distant Learning Center in Maumelle, suggests that, â€Å"not all kids in Arkansas have access to the internet. It’s either a question of accessibility or affordability. CIV is very expensive. Buying the system and paying the line charges, etc. Some districts can’t afford it on their own without help. † Futuristic Implications Distance learning has made some very interesting strides and looks to be a mainstay in the future. This alternate form of education looks to be the growing as it takes on different shapes. Distance learning will take the place of traditional classrooms because of the accessibility that students have to computers. The overhead cost of running and operating an educational institution from a building will be a big determining factor in the success of distance learning: Despite the challenges distance education presents to our traditional conceptions of education and instructional delivery, distance education enrollment at community colleges has increased greatly over the last decade, suggesting that distance education offers an alternative to the traditional classroom experience that accommodates many students’ individual circumstances and educational needs. Although the goals and outcomes of distance education are still somewhat unclear, it is generally agreed upon, however, that the marriage of technology and higher education will be a lasting one, and by the year 2000 more students will be instructed via more media than was ever thought possible. Though distance learning has become a very viable asset to education, a very key component to learning may be lost in the shuffle. The instructor’s ability to inspire the students through classroom lectures and instruction would most definitely not have the same effect on a student via online learning: How can we substitute for the inspiration of personal interaction with faculty members? In all of my years at Miami-Dade Community College, I never received a letter complementing a college program without reference to a faculty member or other staff member who had inspired or contributed to the development of the writer. Almost all of us can point to an individual, very often a faculty member, who had major impact on our lives. Is there a way to keep that inspiration in a distance learning situation? Is there something to be substituted? Compressed Interactive Video (CIV) has become a very interesting form of technology. This medium allows students to be taught a subject by a teacher in another location outside of the school building. So if a student is interested in taking a sociology course and their school does not offer it, he/she can utilize this system. More students are taking advantage of this technology each year. While CIV is still pretty expensive, over time it will become more affordable. Once that happens, it will help in the progression of home schooled students. Conclusion The power of learning at a distance has reached unparalleled heights in its ability to educate students. While there are some concerns as to whether or not it’s the â€Å"cure all,† there doesn’t seem to be much concern whether or not it is the medium of the future. It is cost efficient and looks to be the ultimate replacement of school building instruction. Distance learning is the truly the way of the new frontier. Bibliography Simonson, Michael; Smaldino, Sharon; Albright, Michael; Zvacek, Susan. Teaching at a Distance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall, 2000. Gellman-Danley, B. , Fetzner, M. J. (1998). Asking the Really Tough Questions: Policy Issues for Distance Learning Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Volume I, Number 1, Spring, State University of West Georgia, Distance Education. Schmidt, E. K. Gallegos. A. (2001). Distance Learning: Issues and Concerns of Distance Learners, Journal of Industrial Technology, Volume 17, Number 3 – May 2001 to July 2001. McCabe, Robert H. (1996). Ten questions for the future of distance learning, Community College Week, 10415726, 7/29/96, Vol. 8, Issue 26 The Future of Distance Learning. (1994). Retrieved April 25, 2009, from EducationAtlas. com Website: http://www. educationatlas. com/the-future-of-distance-learning. html Research in Distance Learning. (2009) The History of Distance Education. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from MA Distributed Learning Web site: http://www. digitalschool. net/edu/DL_history_mJeffries. html How to cite Distance Learning: The New Frontier in Education, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Hamlet essay on emotion, fate and reason free essay sample

Losing a loved one can take a harsh hit on one’s frame of mind. In the Shakespearian play Hamlet, the death of Hamlets father caused many problems, all of which eventually lead up to the tragic death of Hamlet. Each event that happens in the play is impacted by reason, fate and emotion. The events throughout the play that lead to hamlets downfall are determined by the roles of reason, fate and emotion. These three roles are key factors of the play. Reason plays the role of advancing the plot, especially when hamlet devises a plan to reassure the predication of his father’s ghost. Hamlet speaking to himself devises a plan, â€Å"For murder, though it have no tongue, will speak with most miraculous organ. I’ll have these players play something like the murder of my father before mine uncle. Ill observes his looks. Ill tents him to the quick. If he do blench, I know my course† (II.ii.ll-572-567). This advances the plot because, hamlet discovers his next steps he takes towards his father. Hamlets use of reason reassures him that his uncle is guilty. This causes hamlet to seek revenge, which triggers the play. This plan upsets Claudius, leads hamlet into falsely killing Polonius and eventually leading him to his downfall. Another role of reason is when it acts on Hamlets superego and he overthinks his chance to kill Claudius. While Claudius is praying, Hamlet spying on him says, â€Å"Now might I do it pat. Now he is a-praying. And not I’ll do ’t. And so he goes to heaven. And so am I revenged. – That would be scanned. A villain kills my father and, for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. Oh, this is hire and salary, not revenge† (III.iii.ll-74-80). Due to Hamlets reasoning his superego causes him to overthink and not kill Claudius. Hamlet had the fear of Claudius going to heaven, being killed while praying. Hamlet misses his chance to kill Claudius, which establishes and allows Claudius to remain alive. This causes Hamlet to confront Gertrude about Claudius, and as he does so he mistakenly kills Polonius. Claudius worries that Hamlet is trying to kill him. On the other hand, Laertes wants to revenge his father’s death. Therefore this mistake murder leads Hamlet to his downfall as Claudius and Laertes want to kill him. The use of reason helps advance the plot, when Claudius and Laertes make a plan to kill Hamlet. Claudius convinces Laertes to kill hamlet, Laertes eager and agrees as he says â€Å"I will do‘t. And for that purpose I’ll anoint my sword. I bought an unction of a mountebank, so mortal†¦with this contagion, that if I gall him slightly it may be death† (IV.VII.ll-140-142, l-147). Claudius and Laertes develop a well-reasoned plan with multiple fail safes. Ultimately both paths to revenge end in death, which leads to hamlets downfall. Reason is an important role as it advances the plot leading closer to hamlets downfall. The first major instance of fate altering the course leading to hamlets downfall is when hamlet first encounters his father’s ghost. Early on in the play, the ghost tells hamlet â€Å"But know, thou noble youth, the serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown† (I.V.ll-37-40). The use of fate in this scene inserts an unlikely plot event, which primarily triggers hamlets quest for revenge for his father. The event of Hamlet encountering his father’s ghost gives Hamlet a reason to get revenge, which once he goes through with it leads him to his downfall. This is one of the few uses of fate in the play. The second instance of fate changing the course of events is when hamlet is, rescued by pirates. Hamlet sends a letter to Horatio which reads â€Å"†¦Ere we were two days old at sea, a pirate of very warlike appointment gave us chase†¦on the instant, they got clear of out ship so I became alone prisoner. They have dealt with me like thieves of mercy, but they knew what they did; I am to do a good turn for them†¦ These good fellows will bring thee where I am† (IV.VI.l-14, ll-17-20, l-24). This event in the play is highly unlikely to happen in the real world. The assumption is Shakespeare using fate to save Hamlet and send him back to Denmark. Hamlet going back to Denmark leads him into Claudius and Laertes’s plan to kill him, which leads hamlet to his downfall. Fate is used again in this unlikely plot. Emotion plays a large part in influencing the choices hamlet makes. As soon as hamlet is told by the ghost that his father was murdered by Claudius he  eagers out â€Å"Haste me to know‘t that I, with the wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love, may sweep to my revenge† (I.V.ll-29-30). Hamlet’s strong love for his father cause him to be in shock and outraged when his father’s ghost tells him that his father was murdered by Claudius. Hamlet would have taken the ghost as an illusion or being unreal if it was not for his strong feelings for his father and his death. Throughout the play he juggles the idea of revenge, when hamlet decides to go through with his revenge, it backfires and causes Claudius and Laertes to take action and which ultimately leads to his downfall. This is the emotion Hamlet portrays throughout the play. Another role of Emotion in the play is, forcing Claudius to kill Hamlet. When Claudius finds out Hamlet kills Polonius he reacts and begs â€Å" And, England, if my love thou hold’st at aught- As my great power thereof may give thee sense†¦By letters congruing to that effect, the present death of Hamlet. Do it, England, for like the hectic in my blood he rages, and thou must cure me† (IV.iii.ll-60-61, ll-66-69). Claudius is worried and takes hamlet as a threat to him. As Claudius’s emotions build up, with anger, guilt, confusion and despair he wants to kill hamlet. Claudius takes hamlet as a threat; he wants to get rid of him, and plans to kill him. Claudius uses the point of Hamlet Killing Polonius to convince Laertes to kill him, which then ultimately leads hamlet to his downfall. These are the strong emotions Claudius shows making him want to kill Hamlet. Emotion is also utilized as a foil, particularly in the actions of Laertes to hamlet. When Laertes is told his father was murdered by hamlet and his sister has gone insane he yells â€Å"conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit! I dare damnation†¦let come what comes, only I’ll be revenged most thoroughly for my father† (IV.V.l-130, ll-133-134). Laertes’s strong feelings for his father cause him to be out raged and upset when he finds out he is murdered. Laertes’s emotions foil Hamlet’s emotion as when they both find out about their father’s death they want instant revenge. Hamlet killing Polonius plays a large part in Laertes’ seeking revenge against Hamlet, which ultimately leads to his downfall. Emotion plays a big part in effectively influencing the events and characters of the play all which lead  to hamlets downfall.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Macbeth Was One Of William Shakespeares Finest Plays. Although Many P

Macbeth was one of William Shakespeare's finest plays. Although many people have read Macbeth, not many people know that King Macbeth of Scotland actually existed and what influenced Shakespeare to write about him. English culture and society as well as the historical figure Macbeth impacted Shakespeare's infamous play. The historical King Macbeth reigned in Scotland for 17 years from 1040-1057. He had a wife named Coruoch and a stepson named Luloch. Although Macbeth did kill Duncan, he was not the gentle king as described in Macbeth. Killing a king was not uncommon at this time as, Macbeth's 7-9 predecessors were killed as well. In 1050, Macbeth went on a religious pilgrimage to Rome to seek absolution for Duncan's death. Unlike Macbeth, Malcolm (rather than Macduff) killed the historical Macbeth. Luloch, known as the "Idiot," reigned for five months after Macbeth's death until Malcom overthrew him. Although there are differences between Shakespeare's Macbeth and the historical figure Macbeth, it is obvious that Shakespeare based his character on this Scottish king. The person who influenced Shakespeare to write Macbeth was King James I of England, who reigned from 1566 to 1625. King James, who was also known as King James 6 of Scotland, succeeded the throne of Queen Elizabeth. James' mother, Mary Queen of Scots, was known as a tragic queen since she killed James father. At age sixteen, rivals kidnapped James and at age 20, James' mother was executed. King James was intellectual, scholarly, and an "insatiable curiost." His ideal of heaven was the Oxford Library. In 1584, while he was only 18 years old, James wrote Essays of Apprentice in Fine Arts of Poetry. He discussed a new translation of the bible, The Authorized Version, which is the most popular bible today. James also wrote in defense of the Divine Right of Kings- that kings were chosen by God, but they must rule well. King James succeeded in ruling an authoritarian government, but he ruled no better than today's democratic governments. He was known as the wisest fool in Christendom. Jame s was also eager for social reform. He wrote A Counterblast to Tobacco, which is much like the anti-smoking campaigns of modern times. When Shakespeare wrote Macbeth, he was obviously aware of James concern with witchcraft. King James wrote the Daemonologie, an account of his experiences with witchcraft. Once a witch tried to melt James' image in wax, and another witch tried to poison him with toad venom. James is skeptical of witchcraft, but does not dismiss it. One significant event during King James' reign was the gunpowder plot. A party of Christian zealots attempted to blow up Parliament. Henry Garnet, a Jesuit, knew of the plot but lied under questioning sine he thought it was justifiable to conceal the truth. James resented this, and many people sympathized with him. The writing of Macbeth was aimed at the head of King James. James was Scottish, like Macbeth, and enjoyed the play. Shakespeare and his actors were known as the "King's Men" and Grooms of the Chamber. They received increased pay and production time. King James found an ancestor in Banquo and believed that man could ally himself with evil, but cannot create it. Macbeth emphasized the savagery of Scotland, which was all too real for James, who knew the throne of Scotland was worth struggling for. It was King James who conceived the term "Great Britain" when he united England and Scotland. Macbeth was deliberately written for King James I, who influenced many factors of the play. While Macbeth was a real king, Shakespeare intertwined the history of Macbeth with events of King James' life to create this masterpiece.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essays

Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essays Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essay Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essay Kotler identify that in order to fulfill peoples demands and wants, merchandises and services are exchanged in reciprocally honoring minutess, by and large but non entirely, utilizing the pecuniary system. Furthermore, Marketing is to happen out the client demands and wants and fulfill them. Pearl-continental hotels and resorts frequently abbreviated as Personal computer. It is a prima hotel concatenation in Pakistan. It is located in Karachi, Rawalpindi, gwadar, Lahore, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Bur prohibition, A ; Muzafarabad. At the get downing pearl-continental was built in Karachi in 1964 and so in 1967-68 in Lahore. All of these hotels are in tourer topographic points. When tourer enters into the state they want to see beautiful and historic topographic points of in the state. So for that ground the Pearl-Continental direction make their subdivisions near these topographic points as like one is in Bur prohibition. It is located in the Murree part which is a hilly country with bea utiful landscape where tonss of tourer, local and VIP S semen over at that place. The hotel in Karachi is a member of a prima hotel in all over the universe. These hotels are operated and own by Hasoo group, which is an Ismailia concern house in Pakistan. They besides own the Clove Creek hotel in DUBAI, Pearl-Continental hotel flat and hotel one, which is a concatenation of low cost hotel in Lahore, Islamabad, Multan, Bahawalpur and Murree. Currently, they are doing Pearl-Continental tower which is a hotel enlargement undertaking of an bing pearl-continental hotel in Lahore. The proprietors and operators of Pearl-Continental hotels and resort every bit good as conceive the undertaking by Pakistan services ltd. The tower was proposed to be 168m ( 550ft ) and have 42 floors and will be around us $ 80million. 1.1 Description of Pearl-continental: The chief aim of the Pearl-Continental is to be the leader in Hotel industry and to supply excellence service to the client which is built upon the heritage of traditional cordial reception. As I mention Personal computer provide one of the excellence services to their clients. Pear-Continental provides Luxury hotels in Pakistan which have, Swimming pools, Golf class, play evidences, Etc. The staff of Pearl-Continental is good trained and good educated and besides know the regulations of cordial reception so they serve their client in a well mode manner. aˆ? To acquire maximal growing from hotel industry. aˆ? To maintain maintain and add to its individuality aˆ? To supply and keep excellence service base upon heritage of traditional cordial reception aˆ? Provide criterion service which full fill the outlook at international degree. aˆ? Lunch new services and seek to maintain the cost lower limit. aˆ? Provide all the installations to the clients. Figure 1: Goals and objective of Pearl-continental ( Field work ) 2.0 Stakeholder Analysis Figure 2: Stakeholder Analysis, Freeman ( 1984 ) . The traditional definition of a stakeholder is any group or person who can impact or is affected by the accomplishment of the organisation s aims ( Freeman 1984 ) . The general thought of the Stakeholder construct is a redefinition of the organisation. In general the construct is about what the organisation should be and how it should be conceptualized. Friedman ( 2006 ) states that the organisation itself should be thought of, as grouping of stakeholders and the intent of the organisation should be to pull off their involvements, demands and point of views. This stakeholder direction is thought to be fulfilled by the directors of a house. The directors should on the one manus pull off the corporation for the benefit of its stakeholders in order to guarantee their rights and the engagement in decision-making and on the other manus the direction must move as the shareholder s agent to guarantee the endurance of the house to safeguard the long-run bets of each group. Main stakeholders of pearl Continental hotels and their involvement are, 1 ) Board of managers: board of managers are the one of the chief stakeholder of the Pearl-continental. Because they are straight involves in the Pearl-continental determination devising in the new launching undertakings. And in board of managers of Pearl-continental has their proprietor every bit good such as Sadruddin haswani. The chief involvement of the board of manager is to increase the net income. They keep client in head which is external stakeholder. They think that who to crush the rival. 2 ) Government: authorities is a stakeholder every bit good because they take portion in the Pearl-continental determination. Here I can give you an illustration from which you can understand the function of authorities. If Pearl-continental tiffin that we will function you alcohol in every dinner and they advertise it all over in state so the authorities will take action because it is a Moslem state and its illegal to imbibe or sell intoxicant. In another words if they want to get down a undertaking they must take program and permission from authorities otherwise they can non make it. 3 ) Customers: The Pearl-continental chief stakeholder is their clients. If they are non satisfied so their concern will halt. They must maintain client in head they knows the client pick. And the client have a large involvement in Pearl-continental cause it is a luxury hotel they enjoy their service. Pearl-continental besides knows the client demands and wants so some clip they provide assorted offer for their client. Such as free breakfast for two, free dinner for childs etc. 3.0 PESTEL analysis of external Macro Environment. Figure 3: PESTEL analysis of Pearl-continental ( Field work ) 3.1 Introduction: A concern house is an unfastened system. It gets resources from the environment and supplies its goods and services to the environment. There are different degrees of environmental forces. Some are close and internal forces whereas others are external forces. External forces may be related to national degree, regional degree or international degree. These environmental forces provide chances or menaces to the concern community. Every concern organisation attempts to hold on the available chances and face the menaces that emerge from the concern environment. The term concern typically refers to the development and processing of economic values in society. Normally, the term is applied to part of economic activities whose primary intent is to supply goods and services for society in an effectual mode. It is besides applied to economic sciences and commercial activities of establishments which holding other intents. Persons to bring forth goods and services to sell these goods and services in a market topographic point and to harvest some wages for this attempt may specify concern. Functionally, we may specify concern as those human activities, which involves production or purchase of goods with the object of selling them at a net income border . Business organisations can non alter the external environment but they merely react. They change their internal concern constituents ( internal environment ) to hold on the external chances and face the external environmental menaces. It is, hence, really of import to analyze concern environment to last and to acquire success for a concern in its industry. It is, hence, a critical function of directors to analyze concern environment so that they could prosecute effectual concern scheme. A concern house gets human resources, capital, engineering, information, energy, and natural stuffs from society. It follows authorities regulations and ordinances, societal norms and cultural values, regional pact and planetary alliance, economic regulations and revenue enhancement policies of the authorities. Therefore, a concern organisation is a dynamic entity because it operates in a dynamic concern environment. PESTEL analysis is really of import for Pearl-Continental hotels and resorts because the state of affairs is really tense in PAKISTAN. 3.2 Political: There is political instability in Pakistan which consequence the determination doing procedure of the Pearl-Continental. The authorities policies are altering twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours such as monetary values of assorted things/products than its difficult for Pear-Continental to supply same merchandise for their client in low monetary value. The authorities is non helpful in support of the concern. The policies make by the authorities is non in the benefit if the Pearl-Continental because everything is gone up and besides make job for the tourer and locals every bit good. There are ever work stoppages against the authorities policies which have a large impact in Pearl-continental concern. aˆ? Road and rail system aˆ? Political instability aˆ? Lack of good administration aˆ? Health and safety 3.3 Economic: In Pakistan the economic system is traveling down because of unstable authorities and corruptness in every field. The rising prices is traveling high now-a-days so due to which the exchange rates are traveling up besides the involvement rate is high as good amp ; it is really difficult to borrow money for new undertakings and besides the touristry industry is traveling down because of disbursals, terrorist activities, insecure environment so there is low concern now-a-days. Besides there are tonss of revenue enhancements which is additions twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. It is really difficult for the Pear-Continental to better its concern in this state of affairs. Higher currency makes export hard. aˆ? High rising prices aˆ? Exchange rates high aˆ? Interest rates high aˆ? Economic growing depression aˆ? Taxes alterations high/changes 3.4 Social: Pakistan is a development and ISLAMIC state. So Pearl-Continental must look for the environing society. They can non sell or publicize Alcohol because it is banned and improper in Muslim states. In the Pearl-Continental society there is old, immature A ; kids. They must maintain everyone in head such as for immature they already make playing countries for immature they make swimming pool, football, golf class ETC aˆ? Can non sale intoxicant aˆ? T.V advertizement but in full fabrics aˆ? Target everyone in the society 3.5 Technological: In Pakistan there is deficit of electricity because of over population. So the Pearl-Continental demands to convey heavy generators which provide electricity to the whole hotel and fulfill the client. Needs to convey WIFI to their hotels so that clients use cyberspace anyplace in the hotel. Technology can cut down costs, and better quality. Pear-Continental could nt make chancing because it is against the jurisprudence of the state. They needs to set new level screen T.V in each and every room. They need to present a film hall in every hotel for the clients. They already have a web site but they need to better it so that client can do their reserve rapidly. aˆ? No gaming aˆ? New level screen T.V aˆ? WIFI aˆ? Upgrade web site aˆ? Introduced solar energy 3.6 Environmental: Pearl-Continental must used environment friendly merchandises such as recycle plastic bags. Besides make consciousness in their client to be environmental friendly. They need to purchase new recycling machines which recycle the waste of kitchen and lavatories. Changes in temperature cause a large consequence on touristry and agriculture. As like in summer people travel to cold topographic point but in winter they are at place. Tourism industry cause major impact on environment because people use autos, plane and ship ETC to go which polluted the environment. aˆ? Extra revenue enhancement on air travel by authorities aˆ? Introduce new workss for recycling aˆ? Change in clime aˆ? Used reclaimable merchandises 3.7 Legal: Pearl-Continental must make at that place each and every merchandise should be legal. Means they can non publicize or sale the intoxicant. They are non supposed to make chancing in their hotel. There is military operation traveling on against terrorist groups. In response these groups target such type of VIP hotels. Health and safety statute law is altering every twenty-four hours because of unstable authorities. New employment Torahs are presenting in the state. There is jurisprudence for competition so those little hotels are besides secure from large hotel like Pear-Continental. aˆ? Law and order state of affairs aˆ? Employment jurisprudence aˆ? Competition jurisprudence aˆ? Consumer jurisprudence aˆ? Health and safety aˆ? Gambling aˆ? Banned on alcoholic stuffs 4.0 Main selling issues Marketing issues: Figure-4: Chief selling issues of pearl-continental ( Field work ) There is batch of issues/problems which every organisation confronting now-a-days. I will explicate the issues/problems with the Pearl-Continental. aˆ? Monetary value: Monetary value is a major issue in marketing issues in pearl-continental is that the monetary value of everything is additions twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours so its really difficult for them to engage employees or labor on high rates. They can non get down major undertaking because of expensive labor and expensive stuffs. The monetary value of the trade goods is increasing twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours every bit good. aˆ? Political: In Pakistan the authorities is unstable. And every authorities make alterations to the Torahs such as employment Torahs, monetary value altering twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. The state is gone expensive because of rising prices. Labour is expensive so it is really difficult for Personal computer to make building and run new undertakings. The authorities can non supply safety to the state either due to which the touristry concern is traveling down and Personal computer is losing client. aˆ? Terrorism: Terrorism is all over the universe now-a-days. But the most they affect Pakistan. Due to terrorism the Pear-Continental is unsecure and in 2009 there was a terrorist onslaught in Peshawar on an American deputation after that the Pear-Continental direction wage an excess money to do modern barriers, cheque points, dog units and excess security staff. aˆ? Environment: There is tonss of pollution in Pakistan. But the authorities is now taking action on environmental pollution. Due to which now Pearl-Continental direction needs to purchase new machinery for recycling now they needs to travel for green selling which will be a large attempt in salvaging the environment. They must do a new thing which is will should be reclaimable. aˆ? Well trained staff: Pearl-Continental got rivals. So they ever spend a batch on staff preparation. Which addition in the disbursals? They want that their staff provide proper service to the client. aˆ? Modern Technology: Pc direction needs new generators/solar system to bring forth electricity for their regular demand because there is electric short autumn in Pakistan. They need to convey WIFI so that client used their cyberspace in every corner of the hotel, new engineering visible radiations. Put cameras in every topographic point of the hotel so that they prevent and leery activities 5.0 MARKET Cleavage: Figure5: Market cleavage ( Field-work ) The procedure of spliting a big market into smaller sections harmonizing to customer/consumer demands and wants . These marketing sections can be aiming by utilizing selling mix. Market cleavage divides the distinguishable group of purchasers with different demands and wants. In market cleavage every person has different demand for each thing. Pearl Continental does non aim one large market for its hotel. Everyone can come here, but the direction of the hotel knows really good that demand and wants is different of every client. Some people came here for concern intents ( set up meeting ) and they are their regular clients every bit good, some is tourers, some people come here for passing their leisure clip with friends and household while some people came here to go to maps. So it means there is different classs of client who visit the hotel with different demands and wants. Due to this ground the hotel direction split its mark market into different sections. aˆ? Geographic aˆ? Demographic aˆ? Psychographic aˆ? Behavioural 5.1 GEOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Geo in writing cleavage means that when we divide our market harmonizing to geographics such identify parts, metropoliss, communities, provinces, one or more states. Pearl Continental Divide its market harmonizing to geographic cleavage. Pearl Continental has different subdivisions in different metropoliss of the state which provide different sort of service harmonizing to its geographic cleavage. 5.2 DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Demographic cleavage means to split the market into assorted groups based gender, age, household life rhythm, household size, business, instruction, income, race, nationality and race. Demographic factors are popular bases for sectioning mark market. The ground is that wants and demands are different harmonizing to demographic factors. For every demographic variable service is different in Pearl Continental. In this hotel, you can acquire the service harmonizing to sex, race, age, matrimonial status/religion etc. Peoples belong to different age group. Similarly all other factors are besides really of import. 5.3 PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Psychographic cleavage means to split clients on the base of life styles, societal category, sentiments, activities, personality and beliefs. Some Peopless are might be in the same demographic group but with the different Psychographic group. In Pearl Continental Psychographic cleavage is really of import. Social category is one of the basic features of Psychographic cleavage. In pearl continental largely services belong to societal category. For illustration this hotel offers The Golf Course Facility, Provided for concern people. This installation is largely used by concern category. Hotel besides provides different installations harmonizing to life style. Such as Dumpukht Dish in the Royal Mogul manner. So people with life style can acquire advantage of this service. 5.4 BEHAVIORAL ISSUES Behavioral cleavage includes merchandise / service consumer demands, use, and monetary value sensitiveness and trade name trueness. The above behavioral factors are used by Pearl Continental. Most of the client is sensitive and loyal to their hotel. So for that ground we discuss above every bit good that pearl Continental divide its mark market into different cleavage which is demographic, psychographic and behavioral cleavage. 6.0 Pricing schemes: Figure 6: Pearl-continental pricing schemes ( Field-work ) Price scheme is used by the companies in order to avoid loss and addition clients. Price scheme means to put monetary value of the bing product/new merchandise in new market/existing market. Pearl Continental usage different sort of monetary value schemes here I will discourse some of them. aˆ? Geographical pricing: In geographical pricing the company make up ones mind to put monetary value harmonizing to geographic location. Pearl continental besides used this scheme like in some topographic points the monetary value of the room is low and in some topographic points the monetary value of the room is high. Which in metropoliss the monetary value is low so that gain the client and crush the rivals. And on the other manus pearl continental in Bur bund charge higher monetary value because it is a tourer topographic point and tonss of VIP s visited at that place so this type of people they merely concerned about the service they usually do nt care about money. aˆ? Price price reductions and allowances: Pearl continental used price reduction policy non merely this hotel every hotel/organization used price reduction policy. Discount policy can be unsafe for pearl Continental unless carefully controlled and used as portion of overall selling. Like if you stay for four dark so we will give you breakfast and meal for free and besides will make price reduction in the monetary value of utilizing swimming pool and golf class. aˆ? Promotional pricing: Pearl continental used promotional pricing scheme to increase their gross revenues and convey more clients to the hotel. They provide inexpensive suites on large events such as EID, Christmas, Diwali etc they reduced the monetary values of the nutrient and drinks every bit good. And besides show the set monetary values in their publicity either by measure board, T.V, wireless etc. aˆ? Discriminatory pricing: Pearl continental sell its merchandise and services at two or more monetary values. Like on first of all they charge client harmonizing to their demand and desire. And on the other manus pearl Continental charge less for the same service or merchandise but if he or she wants to purchase in big measure. For illustration if a concern adult male want a room which is usually on ?200 and there is less suites left in the hotel so they might may bear down the client ?230 on the other manus if a client privation to lease two suites so they might may bear down ?410 which is cheaper than the individual room. Pearl continental used pricing scheme to derive net income and derive more clients. Because they are good cognizant of the environing environment. 7.0 Promotion mix: Pearl-continental promotes its hotels and resorts concatenation all over in the state. For publicity they use the publicity mix tools so that everyone knows them in the market. aˆ? Ad: Pearl Continental do advertisement to advance their merchandises and services which they provide. They do advertisement through T.V, Radio, Bill boards, Brochures, Print ads, catalogue, in hotel show, direct electronic mail and postings. Like they send direct electronic mail to the clients who are already register with them. aˆ? Personal merchandising: Pearl continental besides do personal merchandising means they go and visit different people face-to-face or they call them. In personal merchandising the gross revenues adult male might reply the inquiry about the hotel. And he must convert the individual to go his client. It is besides a sort of unwritten presentation every bit good. It includes staff preparation, gross revenues representative, gross revenues meeting etc. the direction besides name client by telephone who are already register with them. aˆ? Gross saless publicity: Pearl Continental do gross revenues promotion it might be through media or non-media. Pearl Continental do gross revenues publicity for a limited clip period to better consumer demand and better the product/service handiness. For this ground they provide vouchers, they arrange concerts, trade shows and exhibitions etc. they besides do purchase one get one hot repast free ( BOGOF ) so that increase their gross revenues. aˆ? Direct selling: Pearl Continental do direct selling which means they send email heterosexual to the clients about their offers, they do nomadic messages, they send promotional letters, they distribute their hotel and resort catalogue, and they besides do on-line show ads. The pearl continental used the promotional mix schemes because they need to they need to capture the whole market. That is the ground they do tonss of publicity and give price reduction and allowance to the clients. Pearl continental has its subdivision in every metropolis of the state. 8.0 Extended selling mix of Pearl Continental hotel and resort: The Marketing Mix is the set of selling tools frequently summarised as the four Postscript: The Product, its Price, Promotion and Place, that the house uses to accomplish its aims in its mark market ( McCarthy, 2001 ) . In more recent times it is more normally called the 7 Ps the 4 Ps with the add-on of Peoples, Process and Physical Evidence ( Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2004 ) . Figure-7: 3 P s of selling mix Chartered Institute of Marketing ( 2004 ) Marketing mix contain entire 7p s in which Price, Place, Promotion and Product is old one and in new construct there is 3p s which is People, Process and Physical grounds. aˆ? Peoples: Peoples are the chief component in marketing mix without people you can non run your concern. Every person has a specific undertaking in the organisation. In Pearl-continental the staffs is good trained and extremely educated. They serve the clients in a good mannered manner. Their attitude, speaking, walking, client helping is perfect that s why they have tonss of clients. That s why they defeat their rivals. aˆ? Procedure: Procedure means that how can client acquire entree to the hotel. Pearl-continental if a client wants to come in foremost they need to go through the security, than they enter in the anteroom, than into the hotel this is a sort of procedure. If you order some nutrient in pearl-continental you can hold it within a minute you do nt necessitate to wait for long clip so there is some procedure which brings the nutrient more rapidly than the other hotel. aˆ? Physical grounds: In physical grounds Pearl-continental gives their images of the hotel room, garden and nutrient Etc in their web-site. Which client can utilize it as physical grounds? When you book a room in the Pearl-continental and when you enter in the room and the room is good clean, furnished, and have latest engineering so it is the physical grounds every bit good. 9.0 Distribution scheme: Pearl-continental distribution scheme is that they have subdivisions in every metropolis particularly in tourist musca volitanss such as Murree, Abbot Abad Etc. Pearl-continental has two type of distribution scheme one is direct and the other is indirect. Direct is that when client come by his/her ego and book room Etc. And the indirect is when client makes reserve by online, through jobber Etc. Pearl-continental besides did understanding with assorted travel agents in the state and outside of the state which conveying client to hotel and in return the hotel gives them committee. Pearl-continental did understandings in assorted air-lines companies as good. So when the Pilot and Air-hostess arrive in the state so the hotel receive them and convey them to the nearest hotel subdivision and in return they took money from the air hose company. Through these schemes pearl-continental make tonss of net income. 10.0 Main merchandises and services: The chief merchandise and services of the pearl Continental hotel is cordial reception in a traditional manner and provide quality service. Pearl-continental makes their net income from nutrient, drink points and suites these are the chief merchandises. Pearl continental has a really big scope of clients which includes VIP s tourer and locals. Pearl-continental marks the concern category the most. Pearl-continental provides quality service to their clients and besides good trained staff because they need to crush the rivals such as Holiday hostel, Marriot hotel, Tajj hotel and many more. They provide assorted installations to their clients. They facilitate the clients in assorted ways such as aˆ? Florist: For the poke of client the pearl-continental brand flower store in every subdivision of the hotel. Although it is a installation to the clients but they can do net income as good. aˆ? Medical room: Pearl-continental has physician in each subdivision so that in instance of any exigency to the clients or staff so that they can handle them ab initio. aˆ? Massage/Spa room: Most of the client like to take massage or to take watering places so for that pearl-continental makes watering place suites. Which non allocated in every subdivision it is merely in specific subdivisions such as in Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, and Peshawar. Spa/massage is a good beginning of income as good for them. Pearl-continental has tonss of more installations for clients every bit good. aˆ? Golf class aˆ? Swimming pool aˆ? Laundry services aˆ? Provide autos for rent aˆ? Pick and bead service aˆ? Barber store aˆ? Beauty barroom aˆ? Shopping ( rugs, old-timers ) aˆ? Bakery aˆ? Banking: Pearl-continental besides gives premises to Habib bank limited. Who work with in the hotel which takes attention of all banking issues of the clients. 11.0 Task=3 Stages of market research: The research method includes some phases through which we can make research. These phases depend on company/organization type so they choose the best which suits the company. Following phases of the pearl-continental hotels and resorts are explained below: aˆ? Identifying the job and demand: In the first measure the pearl-continental demands to place the job which presently organisation is confronting it and besides to indentify the client demands and wants. And for this ground they need to make probe in internal and external environment in order to screen out the job and besides the client demands and wants. Through external and internal analysis the pearl-continental can the job and every bit good as the client s demands and wants. aˆ? Deciding the research worker: When the pearl-continental identify the demand, want and job than It s of import for the hotel that who can make this research and what sort of attacks should be used to decide these issues. And in this procedure the research worker do some instance surveies in which he/she used the relevant information every bit good as secondary informations. aˆ? Deciding the methodological analysis: In this the research worker used assorted sorts of attacks such as study, interviews, secondary informations analysis etc. The research worker should utilize the appropriate methodological analysis which is relevant to the purpose and aim of the pearl-continental. Pearl-continental demands to follow specific ways/appropriate methodological analysis for look intoing the solution of the job. aˆ? Data aggregation procedure: When the research worker defines the job of the research, than the research worker developed the design of research. This design has a model of ordered actions through which the pearl-continental can accomplish their ends and aims. In this phase the research worker used the mixture technique ( e.g. interview or studies ) , trying methodological analysis etc. 1. Primary informations: Primary informations is such type of informations that is collected for the first clip and does nt be within the records. 2. Secondary informations: Secondary informations consist of attempts of old research workers. Primary information is dependable than secondary informations ( Saunders et al, 2009 ) . Primary informations can be collected by the aid of assorted tools such as interview, studies etc. The pearl-continental research workers do the study on order to roll up information from a big population. In the studies there is a sort of questionnaire in simple apprehensible linguistic communication. Than the research worker collect the study questionnaire for doing the concluding study. While the secondary information is collected from cyberspace, books, articles and diaries etc. That s why pearl-continental used the appropriate tool of informations aggregation. aˆ? Data analysis: In informations analysis the research worker analyse the information which is already collected and so the research worker start redacting it. Data analysis is really of import for the market research program. In this subdivision they edit, tabulate and record the collected informations in a proper manner. Data analysis is really of import for the pearl-continental so that they can accomplish the desirable consequence. The research worker who collects the information is might be in numeral or alphabetic signifi

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Food labeling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Food labeling - Essay Example Even while conceding to the fact that most consumers probably do not read food labels and labels add to the cost of foods, there is a strong rationale for labelling. Food labelling provides consumers with a breakdown of the primary ingredients and composites contained in a food product and, of course, its calorific value. More recently, and as a result of growing health awareness, carbohydrate value was added to food labels (Charles, 2001). There are several reasons for the mandatory labelling of food products, the majority of which derive from the notion of the right to know and from health issues. As regards the first, consumers have a right to know the composition of the food products they are purchasing so that they can make an informed purchase decision. As regards the second, food labelling information is imperative for the millions who suffer allergies, have health issues or are required to adhere to a certain diet. In other words, the value and importance of labelling can har dly be overstated, especially when considering that allergies can be fatal. Therefore, there is a strong reason and specific purpose for mandatory food labelling but the question is whether or not the purpose of food labelling is satisfied. Although most all countries have f... According to Weirich (2007) some countries do not have national laws mandating food labelling while others have made the comprehensive listing of all ingredients and composites, a non-negotiable imperative. In the Middle East, and in compliance with both national laws and international standards, the nutritional information of foods is clearly stated on labels printed onto, and not stuck on, food packages. The mandated information is calorific value, nutritional value, ingredients and additives (Weirich, 2007). Laws in the United States have made the listing of all ingredients, additives, nutritional values and calorific value imperative. Again, labels are printed onto and not stuck on the packages for the purposes of avoiding any possibility of tampering with the labels (Weirich, 2007). The European Union has, by far, the most stringent of the food labelling policies. According to Summers (2007), EU food labelling policies mandate the inclusion of all information related to nutritional and calorific value, ingredients and additives and, importantly, a clear indication of whether any GM ingredients had entered into the making of the product in question (Summers, 2007). While much of the information printed onto these labels tends to escape the understanding of consumers as it is highly scientific, it is still important. Its importance stems from the fact that consumers who suffer from specific allergies will be able to, when reading the label, determine whether the food is safe for their consumption or not. Its importance is also due to the fact that food labelling provides diabetics and obese consumers with the information they need for the limitation of their intake of

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Module Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Module Synthesis - Essay Example If this doesn’t have the ability to change and create alternative awareness through conscious beliefs, then it also leads to isolated interpretations and conceptions. This is not only important for basic knowledge but also in relation to the classroom and how information is taught to students (Davis, Sumara, Kapler, 2000). Defining how realities and knowledge changes with new information is an important concept relating to changing perceptions according to the fluid ways that discoveries and information add into belief systems both personally and in the classroom. The first way in which knowledge changes is through alternative realities and perceptions which many live with. An example of this is given by Wade Davis (2011), which shows how different cultures have alternative beliefs and perceptions. The main ideology which Davis states in the beginning is that we all live in the same reality and come from the same human species. However, the difference comes with our culture an d belief in the perception of culture. The areas we live, ideologies we are taught and expectations that occur when growing up are the main areas of knowledge that form our perceptions and beliefs. These change when the beliefs and rituals vary according to the society, culture and religion which one is in. For example, Davis shows that the knowledge of the world for one individual may be based on reaching enlightenment over a period of time while others are based on the surrounding region and what is required to keep balance in the area. Each of these adds fluidity to knowledge and change perceptions according to the main beliefs of the culture (Davis, 2011). The concepts of cultural differences that lead to alternative beliefs are one of the many facets based on awareness. From the example of Davis, it is seen that perception alters according to the environment, culture and the expectations that are a part of the discovery of various areas. The idea relates not only to how knowled ge changes according to culture but also applies to how information can change in the current context of areas such as the classroom. This is not only done with the understanding that knowledge is based on memorization or given lectures and information. Instead, there is a belief and understanding that there is not a fragment in learning. Knowledge comes from the environment, culture, religion, beliefs and rituals that one has. This can be given in the classroom with the way in which teaching occurs and is combined with the society and belief systems one incorporates from outside of the classroom (Davis, Sumara, Kapler, 2000). The idea of culture and beliefs connecting together education and information becomes important with the ideology of integrating the personal beliefs in the classroom while creating more perceptions for those that are learning in a school system. The idea of changing perceptions and knowledge according to culture and environment is further altered with the und erstanding of personal beliefs and how this is not fragmented. When one is able to change the ideas in their mind and incorporate other viewpoints, then it also alters how the world is seen and what changes. An example of this is noted from Jill Bolte Taylor (2011) in relation to how the brain works. The significant point is that insight, ideas and the personal understanding of the world changes even when an individual begins to use a different part of their brain. The idea

Monday, November 18, 2019

In 2015, why are women still earning less than men in Canada Annotated Bibliography

In 2015, why are women still earning less than men in Canada - Annotated Bibliography Example In other words, the author of the article suggest that to some degree womens professional choices predetermine the existence of the pay gap between men and women. In her article on the relationship between gender role attitudes and the pay gap between men and women, Nicole Fortin argues that the differences in wages results from discrimination against women. More specifically, the author has found that in OECD countries, it is believed that men should have more right to jobs compared to women and that the main gender role of a woman is a housewife. In addition to this, Fortin states that inner conflicts can explain the existence of the pay gap as well. In particular, she mentioned the so-called â€Å"mothers guilt†. Finally, based on the data from the World Value Survey, Fortin claims that the pay gap may be explained by the fact that women place a greater value on non-pecuniary aspects of job, which means that women may prefer jobs that offer better working environment rather than jobs that pay more. In her article, Julie Cool studies the issue of the pay gap between men and women from different points of view and suggests the possible causes of this problem. Before the analysis of causes, the author states this trend is a historical one because in Canada occupational segregation has been a normal practice for a significant period of time. As for the possible causes, Cool defines the three of them. The first one is the group of human capital factors, such as education and job experience. As the author claims, today, these factors do not account for the substantial portion of the existing pay gap. The second group of causes is demographic characteristics, such as marital status and the presence of children. The last of them is job characteristics, which include types of work, industries etc. In this regard, the author argues that it is the

Friday, November 15, 2019

Why Use Social Media?

Why Use Social Media? There is no longer a question on the power of social media in driving all types of businesses forward. No matter what type of industry you operate in, you will find that there are far too important benefits to be ignored. With the full understanding of the abilities of each social media and complete guidelines on how to best use them to your advantage, it is now up to you on how you can fully maximize its benefits for your business. Today, social media platforms have invaded and taken over public consciousness. It has become a big part of day to day routines and an indispensable communication tool for people to connect and stay in touch. Consumers have used social media presence as one of the integral basis of a companys legitimacy, reliability and viability. Businesses today are judged based on their Facebook or LinkedIn profiles, and consumers expect companies to respond to the concerns and queries they have tweeted within the day or within the hour. Suffice it to say, social media has managed to steal the thunder away from traditional marketing methods. Modern marketing strategies today have a mix of social media tactics as its integral component for reaching business goals. What is Social Media These days, social media is the buzz word in marketing and a global trend that has gotten everyone of every age engrossed in one, two and possibly even several social media sites. Everyone is on it, in one form or another. But what is it exactly? Social Media Explained in Plain English The term social media has been carelessly tossed around and used too often in online marketing. But what is it really about? In essence, social media incorporates the use of online technologies and methods that allow people to share personal opinions, content as well as swap insights and perspectives with the rest of the world. Social media content can take different shapes and forms: Text often used to write or put across personal opinions or posts Images photos are used to display anything of interest Why Use Social Media Social media has paved the way to a more powerful communication channel for companies to publish their marketing messages all without the exorbitant cost. While we all know social networks is generally used by businesses to engage their target market and study consumer preferences and behaviors, the truth is, it has other equally powerful features that you can incorporate into your marketing strategy, with highly rewarding payoff at that. Here are other areas in your business that you can apply social media to drive success: Customer Service -The ability to respond and react quickly is very critical in todays market, especially in influencing and changing perceptions. Even if a concern has not been resolved immediately, customers will feel their issues were acknowledged and given attention in a timely manner. This is yet another effect of the actualization of an account. This is actually what humanizes the social media. It gives reality to the virtual account; relationships can only be established if a workmate accepts a connection from another worker employed by the same company. Real time conversations happen another benefit of the social media that comes in different forms. As more and more companies and brands readily include their product offers in the social media experience, a growing number of consumers have grown increasingly comfortable with the idea of social commerce. When to use Social Media To effectively use social media to your full advantage, it is important to take time and learn how the ecosystem works and the emerging habits of the social consumers. Recruitment and Retention A lot of employees today decide on whether they want to be a part of an organization or not based on information derived from social networks. It can also present a powerful tool in sourcing social channels that exists through professional networks. Recruitment and Retention A lot of employees today decide on whether they want to be a part of an organization or not based on information derived from social networks. It can also present a powerful tool in sourcing social channels that exists through professional networks. Internal Communications and Collaboration Small and large organizations can largely benefit from social media, in terms of file sharing, collaborative editing and knowledge sharing. Who Uses Social Media According to the Social Media Marketing Report for 2010, an estimated 67% of marketers have actively increased and strengthened their social media channels. As more and more companies work on integrating social media into their corporate marketing and communication plans, there is a growing emphasis for creating a winning social media strategy. Without any semblance of a plan or strategy, your presence might as well be nonexistent or muted. Twitter According to Edison Research, 40% of the total time people are on Twitter are spent on learning about certain products and services or reading/getting feedback from what others have to say about them as well as share personal opinions and experiences. Facebook According to ExactTarget, the primary reason why people LIKE a Facebook page is to establish a sales relationship with a specific brand, through the following: to receive promotions and coupons (40%), derive instant updates on upcoming sales (30%), and to show support for certain brands or companies (30%) Growth of Social Media Social media is very complex and a constantly evolving medium. Its no wonder why many businesses struggle to figure it out and keep up. While a number have enjoyed quantifiable success, there are also many who failed, and the rest have still yet to figure out their social media strategy. When to use Facebook Great Exposure. With millions of users, Facebook offers unrivalled potential for exposure. When used strategically and consistently, Facebook can contribute to the significant increase in your companys online presence and visibility. Post comments, provide insights, advice and tips to earn respect and credibility in your network, and ultimately gain leverage. Provide Regular Updates. Facebook offers you a convenient way to update your network on new products, promotions, and general information about your company to stay fresh and relevant in the minds of your market. Enhance Customer Service. Consumers these days prefer real-time response to queries and concerns. The Facebook page for your business offers a convenient and accessible option for your market to reach you. When to use LinkedIn for your Organization Increase visibility. By establishing connections, you also increase your exposure and visibility. Whether you offer a product or service or both, you profile may be made available to people interested to doing business with, forge partnerships or hire services. Improve network. Connect with people from past acquaintances, people from your school, past companies, affiliations, and those who share your passions and interests. Improve Google PageRank. LinkedIn allows its users to publish and make their profile information available for search engines to index. LinkedIn profiles rank high in Google, so its a great and effective way to influence other peoples perception when they search for you. Enhance search engine results. Aside from your personal profile, you can promote your company website and blog to search engines through your LinkedIn account through the pre-selected categories such as My Website and My Company. Scope out the competition, partners and customers. LinkedIn is one perfect way to keep tabs on your competition as well as partners and customers. Highlight recommendations and reviews. LinkedIn is more like a living, breathing resume of professionals that comes complete with recommendation from people you have worked with and worked for in the past. This presents a wonderful opportunity to secure business reviews as well as the specific products and services you offer. When to use Twitter for your Organization Connect with your customers. This is the primary reason why you should make use of twitter for your business. Twitter has become so much a part of everyones daily routine, its the perfect venue to connect, interact, and study your target marker. Branding. In Twitter, you dont have to be in the league of Nike, Dell or Starbucks to brand and generate interest. In fact, it presents the best platform for small businesses and startups to reach their target niche. Customer feedback. If any customer is dissatisfied with a certain product or service, he/she will no doubt tweet about it. In this sense, Twitter is a reliable resource to derive feedbacks and opinions, as well as study consumer behaviors and preferences. Marketing. With its wide reach, you can use Twitter to market products and/or services to a wider market and the best part is, its free. News. Twitter is the best and fastest way to publish latest updates about your company without the need to compose long, elaborate content. Marketing schemes and promotions. If you have existing promos and exclusive deals, let your network know about it. Everyone loves a good deal. In fact, a lot of companies have conducted contests and promos exclusively for their Twitter followers to engage their market. When to use Google + for your Organization Free SEO Boost. Businesses can use search referrals for conversions. Google+ is built to influence search for people who have included a certain business in their Circle. This offers a great opportunity to get free promotion from people who like and use the product to people who share similar interests. Host Hangouts. The powerful chat function presents a great opportunity for businesses in engaging their customers and thought leaders in a more personal way. In addition, companies that operate from multiple locations can conveniently collaborate and share information and files such as spreadsheets and documents. Expand Distribution of Content. Google+ is a great platform to expand the publication of content distribution. It can be a great way tool to hosts contest and giveaways along with other promotions. Connect with Tech-Savvy Audience. People who are in Google+ are the early adopters of new technologies, a criterion which presents an ideal target market for many businesses. Segment Your Audience. One great advantage of Google+ is the option to share content with specific audiences through Circles. This makes it easier for businesses to segment their market and share content to certain followers. Expand Your Network. Be able to gather data and research on relevant contacts like potential clients and influential personalities in the industry. When to use Pinterest for your Organization Pinterest users rely on images to create a connection. The concept is more like a YouTube only that photographs are pinned, repined and utilized to establish a connection. The beauty of Pinterest is that people can get to develop relationships based on captured images rather than common school or location or unique status updates. If an individual pins a picture, which is liked by another, then a connection can easily be established. More than answering the need to be socially relevant, Pinterest is becoming relevant in marketing as well. It is becoming a reliable source for links that can actually create a consumer base for different brands. It offers an attractive front page, engaging enough for an individual to follow links that will actually convert into sales. Any individual who wants to learn about a business, a thing or simply an interest can easily find individual sites that teach, shares and allows one to share it too.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Chisholm Trail :: essays research papers

Chisholm Trail When the railroads moved west to the Great Plains, the "Cattle Boom" began. Southern Texas became a major ranching area with the raising of longhorn cattle from Mexico. Cattle was branded by the rawhides who guarded them on horseback on the ranges. Before the Civil War, small herds of Texas cattle were driven by the cowboys to New Orleans, some as far west as California, and some to the north over the Shawnee Trail. This trail passed through Dallas and near the Indian Territory, ending in Sedalia, Missouri. In 1866, the Shawnee Trail presented some major problems for the cattle drivers Farmers along the route did not like their fields being trampled. They also objected to the spread of tick fever. Longhorns carried the ticks but were immune to the fever. A few farmers were so angry, they armed themselves with shotguns to convince the cattle ranchers to find another trail north. There was a large increase icattle by the end of the Civil War. Over 1,000,000 cattle roamed the open range. At this time, people in the north had money to buy beef and cattle which was in great demand. A cow that cost 4 to5 dollars a head in Texas was going for 40 to 50 dollars a head in the east. Ranchers hired cowboys for the cattle drives north, realizing the great opportunity for a large profit if they could reach the railroads in Abilene, Kansas. Joseph McCoy, a stock dealer from Springfield, Illinois, decided a new trail was necessary west of the farms. In 1867, he chose a route that would reach Abilene and the railroads with the least amount of problems. This route was to become well-known as the Chisholm Trail. Jesse Chisholm was a half-breed, a Scotch Cherokee Indian trader, who in 1866 drove a wagon through the Indian territory, known now as Oklahoma, to the Wichita, Kansas, where he had a trading post. Cattlemen use the same trail in the years to come, following Chisholm's wagon ruts to Abilene, Kansas, and the railroads. The trail began below San Antonio, Texas, and stretched north for about 1,000 miles. The main course then passed through Austin, Fort Worth, The Indian Territory, and Wichita to Abilene. Side trails fed into the Chisholm Trail. The cattle fed on grass along the trail. Cattlemen moved about 1,500,000 cattle over the trail during a three year span. The biggest year was in 1871, when 5,000 cowboys drove over 700,000 head of cattle along the trail from Texas to Abilene. The Chisholm Trail was the most popular route because of the good terrain.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

No god but God

Reza Aslan’s book, ‘No god But God’, is a comprehensive telling of the story and the history of one of the major religions in the world today. Going through the 352 pages of the book, even a person who had no knowledge of Arabia’s pre-Islamic history, no familiarity with Islamic rise, and no previous comprehension of the various teachings and philosophical factors, is a great experience of exploration in the world of Islam and the Muslim way of thought. What makes this book unique is that it connects many of what is going on in the Islamic world with the latest events concerning terrorism and militant Islamic groups in different places of the world. Knowing that Aslan is a Muslim who earned different degrees in Religions and Arts in the United States gives us an idea about the amount of information that each reader can obtain. Throughout the book, the reader is being guided by an insider who is knowledgeable in what concerns all the related elements. And, from the other side, this can be another component in highlighting the fact that the book is written in a way that is easy to understand and that is completely comprehendible. CONTENTS AND THOUGHTS The author of the book begins by explaining the reasons that led him to write the book and to create such a volume about Islam. He explains that the main reason is not to go through the history and present conflicts within the religion, but to attempt to foresee its future and how it will evolve. â€Å"This book is not just a critical reexamination of the origins and evolution of Islam, nor is it merely an account of the current struggle among Muslims to define the future of this magnificent yet misunderstood faith. This book is, above all else, an argument for reform†Ã‚  Ã‚   (Prologue). The book is divided into ten distinct sections; each one goes through a certain stage of the birth and development of the religion. And in many of these chapters, many direct references and explanations are made concerning events that we see today and their origin and impact on the Muslim world of today in relation to a variety of subjects. The first section of the book ‘The clash of monotheisms’, is an introductory part in which the author states the reasons that led him to writing the book. He states that Islam is not, as some claim, a violent religion that cannot co-exist with modern values of democracy and human rights. â€Å"A few well-respected academics carried this argument further by suggesting that the failure of democracy to emerge in the Muslim world was due in large part to Muslim culture, which they claimed was intrinsically incompatible with Enlightenment values such as liberalism, pluralism, individualism, and human rights. It was therefore simply a matter of time before these two great civilizations, which have such conflicting ideologies, clashed with each other in some catastrophic way. And what better example do we need of this inevitability than September 11?† (Prologue). He claims, instead, that certain circumstances were the reason why the Muslim world is so much behind in these fields. In the first chapter of the book, ‘The sanctuary in the desert: pre-Islamic Arabia’, the reader can virtually live through the conditions and events that were taking place in Arabia before the emergence of the religion. Here we find many indications to the fact that, contrary to the reality of today, the Arabian Peninsula was populated by the followers of many religions: Jews, Christians, and others. â€Å"It is here, inside the cramped interior of the sanctuary, that the gods of pre-Islamic Arabia reside: Hubal, the Syrian god of the moon; al-Uzza, the powerful goddess the Egyptians knew as Isis and the Greeks called Aphrodite; al-Kutba, the Nabataean god of writing and divination; Jesus, the incarnate god of the Christians, and his holy mother, Mary† (Aslan 3). And in reference to the Jewish community the author states: â€Å"The Jewish presence in the Arabian Peninsula can, in theory, be traced to the Babylonian Exile a thousand years earlier, though subsequent migrations may have taken place in 70 C.E., after Rome's sacking of the Temple in Jerusalem, and again in 132 C.E., after the messianic uprising of Simon Bar Kochba. For the most part, the Jews were a thriving and highly influential diaspora whose culture and traditions had been thoroughly integrated into the social and religious milieu of pre-Islamic Arabia† (9). The following three chapters, ‘The keeper of the keys: Muhammad in Mecca’, ‘The city of the prophet: the first Muslims’, and ‘Fight in the way of God: the meaning of Jihad’, give the reader an in-depth clarification about how Islam came to life, from the beginning of the story of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, his life before recognizing the mission that he was set to accomplish and the various events that shaped the era of the beginning of the new religion and how the Muslim believers, including the prophet himself, were treated by the people of their tribe and all the conditions that led the Islamic state to be established in Medina instead of Mecca, the original city of the prophet. What is interesting in this book is that it makes, during the telling of the story, references to many things that we see today in the Muslim world. One of the examples of this is the reference made to the story of the Hijab or the Islamic clothes and head cover of Muslim women, which has became an identifying characteristic of Muslim women today. It is surprising to find out that the whole idea is not even brought by the Quran or the original Islamic teachings: â€Å"Although long seen as the most distinctive emblem of Islam, the veil is, surprisingly, not enjoined upon Muslim women anywhere in the Quran. The tradition of veiling and seclusion (known together as hijab) was introduced into Arabia long before Muhammad, primarily through Arab contacts with Syria and Iran, where the hijab was a sign of social status. After all, only a woman who need not work in the fields could afford to remain secluded and veiled†¦ the veil was neither compulsory, nor for that matter, widely adopted until generations after Muhammad’s death, when a large body of male scriptural and legal scholars began using their religious and political authority to regain the dominance they had lost in society as a result of the Prophet’s egalitarian reforms† (65-66). The next chapter, ‘The rightly guided ones: the successors to Muhammad’, goes through the events that took place after the death of the prophet, and how conflicts appeared on the succession in what concerns the position of Islamic leader of Caliph, or successor. The sixth chapter, ‘This religion is a science: the development of Islamic theology and law’, is the one that contains most of the information about the teachings, the myths, the different philosophical views, and the various rituals that make up the religion. Here, the reader will have an idea about the different schools of thought. The following chapter, ‘In the footsteps of martyrs: from Shi’ism to Khomeinism’, presents the story of how the Shi’ite Muslim sect appeared as a result of the killing of Ali, the fourth Caliph after Muhammad and the political and religious consequences of this appearance that we can see in our world today. It relates the new factors of faith that were introduced into Islam by the Shi’ite sect and how those factors were always being used according to desires and wishes of the leaders, such as Kommeini in what concerns modern Iran. Next, the chapter ‘Stain your prayer rug with wine: the Sufi way’ is a description of another sect of Islam, which is Sufism. It goes through many of the different concepts that Sufis use and believe in which are completely different than those of mainstream Islam and Shi’ite Islam. The ninth chapter, ‘An awakening in the east: the response to colonialism’, talks about the effects of European colonialism on Muslim countries and the way that it was faced: â€Å"the nationalists sought to battle European colonialism through a secular countermovement that would replace the Salafiyyah's aspiration of religious unity with the more pragmatic goal of racial unity: in other words, Pan-Arabism† (Aslan 233) The final chapter, ‘Slouching toward Medina: the Islamic reformation’, discusses the establishment of the Muslim states after the end of colonialism. An interesting idea that the author presents in this chapter is the comparison between the reforms that took place within the Christian history which led Christian societies to move towards democracy, human rights, and pluralism and the conditions that are being shaped today within Islamic societies. And he states that Islamic societies may need to go through violent and extremely shaky conditions before reaching the final desired destination that others in the Western world reached. According to the author, there is an ongoing struggle taking place in the Muslim world between the forces of traditional religious beliefs and those that want to move their societies into the modern foundations of democracy and human right. He states that â€Å"in the developing capitals of the Muslim world – Tehran, Cairo, Damascus, and Jakarta – and in the cosmopolitan capitals of Europe and the United States – New York, London, Paris, and Berlin – where that message is being redefined by scores of first and second generation Muslim immigrants. By merging the Islamic values of their ancestors with the democratic ideals of their new homes, these Muslims have formed†¦ a ‘mobilizing force’ for a Muslim reformation that, after centuries of stony sleep, has finally awoken and is now slouching toward Medina to be born† (Aslan 254). In many parts of the book, there is a mentioning of terrorism and the reasons that led to its creation. Ben Laden is mentioned several times, even though the concepts that the author wants to express are not presented in the level that a reader expects. Aslan states that Ben Laden’s concept of Islam is wrong and that it is not the conception of the majority of Muslims: â€Å"Muslims may share bin Laden's grievances against the Western powers, [but] they do not share his interpretation of Jihad† (87). CONCLUSION The book is a rich source of information about the history of Islam and the about the Muslim societies of today. It gives the reader a full, even though not detailed, description of everything that led the reality of those societies into what is being seen today. The writer tried to show the true face of Islam and to explain to everyone that what extremists stand for today is something that has nothing to do with religion, and that they have their own version and interpretation of the Quran. The author, to a certain extent, succeeded in clearing many points about the religion and to underline the idea that Islam is originally a peaceful religion. The book was certainly worth writing and publishing especially in this time when everyone should know more about the other in order to avoid and prevent further confrontation. Works Cited Aslan, Reza. No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. New York: Random   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   House, 2005. Â