The Right To Die Essays (1712 words) - Medical Ethics, Euthanasia

The Right To Die In John A. Robertson's essay, Cruzan: No Rights Violated, he argues that the decision made by the Missouri Supreme Court to deny Nancy Beth Cruzan's parents' request to have their daughter's artificial nutrition and hydration tube removed was not a violation of Nancy Beth Cruzan's right to refuse treatment because she had not personally refused treatment. Robertson also claims that keeping Cruzan alive with this particular medical treatment does not alienate her constitutional rights, or her parents'. Robertson states that, A permanently vegetative patient does not have interests that can be harmed, simply because he/she cannot feel pain and doesn't know his/her present condition. Robertson then goes on to say that simply assuming that one would decline treatment in that situation because of his/her prior beliefs is not enough evidence to maintain that the directive was, in fact, released by the said person, and to relieve their self from a state law that orders such a treatment, the person must have released a directive against that particular treatment. If one were to argue that an incompetent patient has the right to have their medical treatment decided by another person on the presumption that it follows with the patient's previous beliefs, Robertson would declare that the patient is much different than they were before and does not reserve a constitutional right to be managed in the same way they would have been. In placing the right to decide Nancy's treatment in her parents' hands, her parents would be acting in their own interests according to Robertson, and in choosing to stop medical treatment of their daughter, they would be denying their child medical care deemed necessary by the state, which is illegal. With this in mind, Robertson says that the Supreme Court should not extend a family's privacy to include the refusal of necessary treatment when the [above] treatment is not causing harm to the child. Next Robertson says that if a person wants to refuse treatment while incompetent, it is their obligation to make a directive before becoming incompetent in order to refuse treatment on the principle of that particular directive, and that requiring this is not an undue burden on persons who wish to issue directives against medical care when incompetent. If clear evidence does not exist in a past directive, Robertson says that providing the treatment does not alienate a person's right to regulate his/her own care because of the lack of evidence. Robertson says that people who criticize the rulings of the Cruzan case tend to find the Missouri Supreme Court's decision to not allow Nancy's parents to have their daughter's nutrition and hydration line removed unconstitutional because they overlook the distinctions that he makes in this essay. By looking at these distinctions, Robertson believes that people will see that treating Nancy Cruzan despite her parents' dissent does not violate anyone's constitutional rights. Lastly, Robertson states Missouri, like most other states, should permit the family to stop Nancy's treatment and end their own ordeal. But Missouri violates no constitutional rights in choosing otherwise. The part about Robertson's argument that I disagree with the most is when he says that keeping Nancy connected to the feeding tube does not violate her parents' constitutional rights. According to the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, one has the freedom to petition the government for a redress of grievances and the Fourteenth Amendment states that, The stated cannot deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. With these in mind, it is clear that leaving Nancy connected to the tube is violating her parents' rights. Her parents are going through plenty of grievances watching their daughter lay there and waste away to nothing because she did not specifically say in writing that she did not want to be attached to a feeding and hydrating line if she ever becomes brain dead. That is inflicting pain and sorrow on her parents and is violating their pursuit o f happiness. According to the First Amendment, the Cruzan family has the right to petition the government to have those grievances removed. Robertson says

The Nature of Nurture.

The Nature of Nurture. Our global village is gradually increasing its capacity in an unconscious way. People living in this modern world no longer have the privilege to possess any objective or subjective thing larger than that which fits within one's own private space. However, some people, especially those with overwhelming power and renowned fame, still believe in the theory of "survival of the fittest" through the capitalistic system; they spread their influence to those who have limited strength and feeble minds as easily as they might blow away dust. It is so ridiculous that people have desired to take control over the biological world, but they are bullying and humiliating those around them for various purposes. If every individual could help others, especially for the privileged to aid the poor, they would create more opportunities and mutually benefit the life they all desire.It is no doubt that the United States is the strongest and most influential country on earth, it is also one of the most re active members that assists the underdeveloped countries to have well and healthy living, and promotes the necessity of the maintenance of the original global appearance.The United States, which becomes the current status through originally taking advantage of global resources out of Mother Nature, with sufficient financial budgets and well-known identity, believes that it is essential for competent countries to support the underprivileged nations because they should know the reason of give-and -take. They derive almost natural resources since they have more ability and power to access; meanwhile, they have to consider that the powerless nations have less chance to do so. It is reasonable for them to share supportive and substantial supply with the poor.Another unreasonable issue, the deterioration of Mother Nature by privileged people, definitely needs to be examined closely. Even though people...

The Business of Business Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Business of Business - Literature review Example There are three different schools of thought or approaches on ‘Corporate Social Responsibility. They can be classified as Neoliberal approach Neo-Keynesian Radical Political Economy In the Neoliberal approach, Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as the basic and fundamental set of policies, codes or guidelines which drives the basic running of a business (Lockwood, 2012). It is mainly based on the viewpoint articulated by Friedman that the main social responsibility of a business is to effectively use its resources and employ those activities which increase the profits of the business as long as it engages in free and open competition without any deceptive and fraudulent activities (The Guardian, 2009). In an article, a neoliberal journalist, Ahaner (2012) rightly pointed out that the main flaw of Corporate Social Responsibility is that the businesses justify their existence by acting on higher moral grounds. According to Riley (2011), the main idea of the pursuit of pro fit not being associated with public good simply does not match up. Adam Smith had rightly said that â€Å"it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest†. Although most of the neoliberal advocates agree that Corporate Social Responsibility hinders the achievement of the primary purpose of the business, they agree that it will be profitable for the companies in the long run if they adopt Corporate Social Responsibility in their policies (Jedrzei, 2007, pp. 669-681). Furthermore, Yuan (2011, pp. 75-92) adds that even if Corporate Social Responsibility hinders the businesses profit-making, it is imperative to note that it can be used as an important insurance strategy to lower the risks of adverse media campaigns, consumer backlash to corporate behavior and government intervention. On the other hand, Cai (2011) defends that the advocates of Neo-Keynesian have a wider approach by recognizing the active role of the business stakeholders. However, there is no general definition of Corporate Social Responsibility and it is mainly construed as having no formal and external set of regulations by both the stakeholders and the state. The Neo-Keynesian theory is different from that of the neoliberal perspective is many ways. The main difference is that the Neo-Keynesian recognizes that market failures or lack of corporate awareness can have negative impacts on corporate behavior (Thomsen, 2010, pp.139-142). Advocates of neo-Keynesian are mostly concerned with the corporate environmental policies, regulations, and policies related to workplace and mainly the environmental and economic consequences of business activity. Marquez and Fombrun (2005, pg. 304) explain that advocates also entertain the thought of a positive role of the state in enforcing regulations and policies of Corporate Social Responsibility. The third school of thought, The Radical political economy h as a skeptical stance on Corporate Social Responsibility by following a different viewpoint on the existence and the abuse of corporate power in terms of both global and local economies.

Literary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literary Analysis - Essay Example The plot describes her character since the death f her father. Emily is described as a society monument. Her significance in this particular society was generated from her father’s participation in the civil war. However, Emily portrayed negative behavior as her father died. She stayed from the society for along time staying confined in her house. She later interacted with the society and fell in lover with a mason, Holmer. Her wish to be married to him was dashed as she went back to her confinement behavior. At one time in the novel, she bought a bottle of poison which she was believed to poison herself with. However, this took long that expected. Her confinement from the society enabled her to be secretive till her death. After her death, the society also realized that she was also involved in the death of Holmer after his body was found in her apartment (Ruthmann 33). The reviewing the use of figurative use in the novel, the character of Emily is rampantly represented. Her versatile characterization enabled the author to represent her in more that one figurative speech. The figurative perception was also based on the perception towards her. One significant figurative representation of Emily was her reference to as a society monument after her death. ... Her personality was compared to that of men and men in the novel valued her character. In this regard, her personality was a unique feature among women in the society. Using a figurative explanation of her character, the author referred to her as a man. Holmer pointed out that he would not be married to a man (Morton 23). Referring her to a man was based on her strong personality and character. In an argument by Ruthmann the referring to Emily as a man by Holmer is a symbolic way in which portrays the strong character of Emily (56). Additionally, in regards to Emily’s character women in the novel setting were afraid of confronting her as they used to consult the police or authorities to intervene in case an issue arises. This symbolically portrays the strength and significant perception of Emily. Additionally, Emily’s family was a symbolic representation of the strong personality she possessed. The significance of this figurative display of Emily’s character play ed a crucial role in the in the novel. The plot of the novel required a strong feminine figure that would represent the preferred feminine character by the author. In terms of forecasting the events in the novel, Emily’s figurative representation of her character was significant. For instance, when she purchased a drug the community was certain she had a negative idea in her mind in regards to the drug. The mood in the novel also revolves around the character representation of Emily. The turnout at Emily’s burial ceremony was a figurative representation of her significance in this particular society. The burial ceremony experienced a huge turnout as men and women from all social classes attended her burial. Emily was a controversial figure in the society but she

Business information and their sources Essay Example for Free

Business information and their sources Essay This report aims to show the different forms of information used in HM. It will tell us if we need to improve on any of our methods of communication, or if we need to enhance any methods we use. Internal information is when it can be found from inside the business, such as previous sales records. External information is when the information needs to be found from outside the company, for example in books or customer feedback forms. Primary information is when you have received the information fist hand, either through a report or through surveys. We need internal information for evidence so nothing is mis interpreted within the business. Internal information can be previous records, we need these to write reports and to make sure the business isn’t at a loss. HM need external information to monitor new trends so we can stay ahead of fashion. We do this by getting our internal and external customers to complete questionnaires. It is important that we do this so our customers always stay interested in the clothes that we have on offer so we do not lose any business. Combining internal and external information is very effective because your ideas can be expanded by using existing ideas but with our own unique twist. So we can take an existing idea on a clothing range, but then add something to it based on the feedback and ideas we get from our customers. Internal information can be more important for HM than external information because it includes private details and information of the company that cannot be found anywhere else. This would be needed if we were to start a sale because we’d have to know what products are not selling well to put them in the sale. However, external information can be seen as more important that internal information because it includes new information from customer feedback. This is much needed because it would help our business form fresh ideas and to help us move forward. Internal information cannot help us do this. HM need primary information to help the business run smoother and gain new  ideas. We can do this by getting surveys from the public to get more ideas on things we can sell or do in store. Primary information is very useful because it can be used for a lot of different things, for example customer service or new clothing ranges. Also it is usually very reliable because you have created it. Secondary information can also be used to gain new ideas. We can use secondary information to do this because the information has already been created so we could just expand on the information to make it unique and our own. A combination of primary and secondary information is important because it means that we can monitor our own records and also monitor our competitor’s records so that we can always try to stay on top. Primary can be more important than secondary information because we are actually creating the informatio9n so it is 100% reliable whereas secondary information is not always be reliable because it was created by an unknown source. Verbal information is when it can be spoken, for example a phone call. In our company, we give verbal information to our staff and customers. We verbally give information to our staff because it is quick and easy. Written information is written down to pass information, for example a letter or email. We use written information to communicate because it can be used as confirmation and it is harder to be forgotten if you have it written down. We also give written confirmation to our customers all the time, for example receipts. We do this so there is proof of purchase and there is no mis understanding between the business and the customers. Multimedia can be shown through moving adverts or audio. It is a very effective way to present information because it engages the reader a lot more than a bit of writing on a piece of paper. We use multimedia in different ways, for example, on our website there are videos of our products being modelled and shown on the catwalk. We use multimedia in this way so our customers will stay engaged and will be more interested in our products if they see them on top models. Using a combination of verbal and written information is more effective than just using either one of them. Having a staff meeting is quick, easy and usually there isn’t any miscommunication. To guarantee that there has been no mis communication, you can send an email after the meeting has taken place just too highlight was said in the meeting. Verbal information is  sometimes better than written information because if we needed to pass information on to our team, having a meeting where we could easily speak to them all at once is more appropriate than using written information by sending an e-mail or letter where there could be mis-communication. Written information can be better than verbal information when for example we needed to confirm a purchase with a customer. We would need to give them a type of written confirmation because if the sale was done verbally, information could easily be forgotten or mis-communication could occur. To conclude I am going to summarise this report. The way we use internal and external information is very successful because HM uses original ideas combined with ideas from customer feedback to improve the way the company functions. How primary and secondary information is used in the company is also successful. This is due to us using our own reliable information (primary) and comparing it to our competitor’s information (secondary) to monitor whether we are currently popular or not. Verbal and written information is the most effective way of transferring information within HM. This is because there is a very small chance of mis-communication if verbal and written information is given properly. To fully conclude, HM are transferring information successfully in all different ways.

Video Game Violence Essay -- Social Issues

It seems like everything coming out about video games is bad. A student tried to kill his fellow classmates, and he was an avid Call of Duty player. A study has been released that proves that playing video games will turn you into a criminal. The many benefits of games and gaming, such as their possible applications to education and their ability to tell more complex stories than other forms of media, are almost universally ignored. I know better, though. Between the lifetime I’ve spent playing and loving video games, and the articles I’ve found, I can tell you that video games do not cause violent behavior or thoughts. First of all, to assess the opposite claim: video games, especially popular ones, tend to be violent, using fighting as a tool to provide a player with challenges. This typically involves shooting opponents to death, though many games set in different times allow the player to use swords, bows, and a variety of different medieval weapons. Such violent games are also often portrayed in the first person, in order to increase the immersion of the game world. With all this in mind, it’s argued, there certainly must be some sort of effect on the people playing these games. Being exposed to violence in such a personal and increasingly realistic manner has to make people more violent and aggressive.(Bickham) The only problem is that’s not the case. Studies have tested this theory extensively, and overall, the verdict is that we’re not sure. Studies have been released that both defended and refuted the â€Å"video games cause violence† argument. However, it’s interesting to note some things regarding the studies. One, the metric used to gauge the aggression of the participants is unreliable at best; a person punching a Boz... ...whole, including engaging and interesting stories and opportunities to better educate students. Works Cited Bickham, David S. "Testimony before Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights." (2006). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 7 Mar. 2006. Ferguson, Christopher J. "Video Games: The Latest Scapegoat for Violence." Chronicle of Higher Education 53 (2007). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 7 Mar. 2012. Kushner, David. "Off Target." Electronic Gaming Monthly Aug. 2007: 12-16. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 7 Mar. 2012. Portnow, James, Daniel Floyd, and Allison Theus. "Extra Credits." - PATV. Penny Arcade, Inc. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. Wilson, Lee. "Getting It Wrong: Slaying Myths about Video Games." Technology and Learning 15 Sept. 2007. Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 7 Mar. 2012.

Ainsworth Strange Situation Studies

Ainsworth Strange Situation Studies The Strange Situation procedure, developed by American psychologist Mary Ainsworth, is widely used in child development research. Much research in psychology has focused on how forms of attachment differ between infants. For example, Schaffer and Emerson (1964) discovered what appeared to be innate differences in sociability in babies; some babies preferred cuddling more than others, from very early on, before much interaction had occurred to cause such differences. It’s easy enough to know when you are attached to someone because you know how you feel when you are apart from that person, and, being an adult, you can put your feelings into words and describe how it feels. However, most attachment research is carried out using infants and young children, so psychologists have to devise subtle ways of researching attachment, involving the observational method. Using the Strange Situation procedure, many researchers have studied the development of child attachment to the mother and other caregivers. However, there continues to be much debate about the origins of the child's reaction in the Strange Situation, and about what factors influence the development of an infant's attachment relationships. The security of attachment in one- to two-year-olds was investigated by Ainsworth and Bell (1970) in the ‘_strange situation_' study, in order to determine the nature of attachment behaviours and types of attachment. Ainsworth (1970) developed an experimental procedure in order to observe the variety of attachment forms exhibited between caregivers and infants. The experiment is set up in a small room with one way glass so the behaviour of the infant can be observed. Infants were aged between 12 and 18 months. The sample comprised about 100 middle class American families. The procedure, known as the ‘_Strange Situation_’, was conducted by observing the behaviour of the caregiver and the infant in a series of seven 3-minute episodes, as follows: (1) Parent and infant alone. (2) Stranger joins parent and infant. (3) Parent leaves infant and stranger alone. (4) Parent returns and stranger leaves. (5) Parent leaves; infant left completely alone. 6) Stranger returns. (7) Parent returns and stranger leaves. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth devised an assessment technique called the Strange Situation Classification (SSC) in order to investigate how attachments might vary between children. The goal of the Strange Situation procedure was to provide an environment that would arouse in the infant both the motivation to explore and the urge to seek security. An observer (often a researcher or therapist) takes a mother and her child (usually around the age of 12 months) to an unfamiliar room containing toys. A series of eight separations and reunions are staged involving mild, but cumulative, stress for the infant. Separation in such an unfamiliar setting would also likely activate the child's attachmentsystem and allow for a direct test of its functioning. Although no single behaviour can be used to assess the quality of the infant's attachment to the caregiver, the pattern of the infant's responses to the changing situation is of interest to psychologists. The validation of the procedure and its scoring method were grounded in the naturalistic observation of the child's exploration, crying, and proximity-seeking in the home. Ainsworth's research revealed key individual differences among children, demonstrated by the child's reaction to the mother's return. Ainsworth categorised these responses into three major types: Anxious/avoidant—the child may not be distressed at the mother's departure and may avoid or turn away from her on her return; Securely attached—the child is distressed by the mother's departure and easily soothed by her on her return; Anxious/resistant—the child may stay extremely close to the mother during the first few minutes and become highly distressed at her departure. When she returns, the child will simultaneously seek both comfort and distance from the mother. The child's behaviour will be characterised by crying and reaching to be held and then attempting to leave once picked up. Strengths The strange situation classification has become the accepted methodology worldwide for measuring attachment (re: Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg, 1988) Ainsworth, M. Infancy in Uganda: Infant Care and the Growth of Love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967. Periodicals Spock, Benjamin. â€Å"Mommy, Don't Go! † Parenting 10, June-July 1996, pp. 86+. Weaknesses In addition, some research has shown that the same child may show different attachment behaviours on different occasions. Children's attachments may change, perhaps because of changes in the child's circumstances, so a securely attached child may appear insecurely attached if the mother becomes ill or the family circumstances change. The strange situation has also been criticised on ethica grounds. Because the child is put under stress (separation and stranger anxiety), the study has broken the ethical guideline protection of participants. The sample is biased -100 middle class American families. Therefore, it is difficult to generalise the findings outside of America and to working class families. Finally, the observational study has been criticised for having low ecological validity. Because the child is place in a strange and artificial environment, due to the the procedure of the mother and stranger following a predetermined script.